Figure 13.1 Pleistocene ice sheets in North America.
Figure 13.2 Evidence for four major glacial advances and interglacial periods.
Figure 13.3 Scando-European Ice Sheets of the Pleistocene (dotted line indicates
maximum extent of glaciation).
- Snow --> firn (névé) --> glacial ice
- Movement ==> crevassing (upper) and plastic flow (lower)
- accumulation > ablation ==> ice front advances
- accumulation = ablation ==> stationary ice front & debris builds up
- accumulation < ablation ==> ice front retreats
Figure 13.4 Glacial system.
Figure 13.5 Erosional features of valley glaciers.
Figure 13.6 Tributary glacier and cirques (Harvard Glacier).
Figure 13.7 Cirques (Unita Range, UT).
Figure 13.8 Cirque Lake (Alberta).
Figure 13.9 Glacial meltwater (Swiss Alps).
Figure 13.10 U-shaped valley.
Figure 13.11 U-shaped valley with hanging valley (MT).
Figure 13.12 U-shaped valley (Rocky Mountain Nat'l Park, CO).
Figure 13.13 Tower Falls (Yellowstone Nat'l Park, WY).
Figure 13.14 Horn and glacial crevaces (Mt. Cervin, CH).
Figure 13.15 Glacially striated basalt (WI).
Figure 13.16 Glacial striations on top of columnar basalt (WI).
Figure 13.17 Glacial grooves (Kelley's Island, Ohio).
Figure 13.18 Glacial grooves (Kelley's Island, Ohio).