• Detrital Rocks (clastic) ==> cemented fragments (e.g., concrete)

  
  
  Table 11.1 Detrital rocks (from The Earth - An Introduction to Physical Geology (2nd ed.), by Tarbuck & Lutgens, Merrill Publishing Co., 1984).
  
  
  
  
  Figure 11.6 Relative sizes of three kinds of detrital sediments (from The Earth - An Introduction to Physical Geology (2nd ed.), by Tarbuck & Lutgens, Merrill Publishing Co., 1984).
  
  
  
  
  Figure 11.7 Conglomeritic sediments.
  
  
  
  
  Figure 11.8 Conglomerate.
  
  
  

• Chemical rocks (clastic or nonclastic) ==> precipitated from solution

  
  
  Table 11.2 Chemical rocks (from The Earth - An Introduction to Physical Geology (2nd ed.), by Tarbuck & Lutgens, Merrill Publishing Co., 1984).
  
  
  

Figure 11.9 Graphs showing relative abundance of sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks. Left: The great bulk (95 per cent) of the outer 10 miles of the earth is made up of igneous rocks and that only a small percentage ( 5 per cent) is sedimentary. Right: The areal extent of sedimentary rocks at the earth's surface is three times that of igneous rocks. Metamorphic rocks are considered either igneous or sedimentary rocks, depending on their origin (from Physical Geology (3rd ed.), by Leet & Judson, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1965).




Figure 11.10 Left: Shale, sandstone, and limestone make up about 99 per cent of all the sedimentary rocks. All other sedimentary rocks total only 1 per cent. Right: Of shale, sandstone, and limestone, shale is relatively the most abundant and limestone the least abundant (from Physical Geology (3rd ed.), by Leet & Judson, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1965).

• Layering
  • ==> parallel laminations

    
    
    Figure 11.11 Schematic parallel laminations.
    
    
    
    
    Figure 11.12 Laminations in Precambrian slates (Wausau, WI).
    
    
    

  • ==> massive bedding

    
    
    Figure 11.13 Massive bedding.
    
    
    
    
    Figure 11.14 Clay-enriched till.
    
    
    
    
    Figure 11.15 Tillite of Gowganda Formation.
    
    
    

  • ==> current bedding

    
    
    Figure 11.16 Sketch of several cross-bedding types: inclined planes above and below with curved scour-and-fill in the middle layer (from The Changing Earth - Introduction to Geology (2nd ed.), by Mears, Jr., D. Van Nostrand Co., 1977).
    
    
    
    
    Figure 11.17 Sequence in the formation of inclined bedding by alternate scouring and filling (from Physical Geology (3rd ed.), by Leet & Judson, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1965).
    
    
    
    
    Figure 11.18 Current bedding.
    
    
    
    
    Figure 11.19 Cross-bedding (Zion Nat'l Park, UT).
    
    
    
    
    Figure 11.20 Cross-bedding in Baraboo quartzite (Devil's Lake, WI).
    
    
    

  • ==> graded bedding (turbidity currents)

    
    
    Figure 11.21 Graded bedding.
    
    
    
    
    Figure 11.22 Graded bedding (Metagreywacke, Lake Vermillion Formation).
    
    
    
    
    Figure 11.23 Turbidity current in lab tank (Cal Tech. Lab).
    
    
    

• Ripple Marks

  
  
  Figure 11.24 Two types of ripple marks (from The Changing Earth - Introduction to Geology (2nd ed.), by Mears, Jr., D. Van Nostrand Co., 1977).
  
  
  
  
  Figure 11.25 Fossilized (Carboniferous siltstone) symmetrical, branching ripples cut by calcite vienletts (Conche, New Foundland, CN).
  
  
  
  
  Figure 11.26 Assymetrical modern ripples (Huntington Beach, CA).
  
  
  

• Mudcracks

  
  
  Figure 11.27 Mud cracks with worm trails (Colorado River, Glen Canyon, Utah) (from The Changing Earth - Introduction to Geology (2nd ed.), by Mears, Jr., D. Van Nostrand Co., 1977).
  
  
  
  
  Figure 11.28 A theory for the mechanics of shrinkage of cracks (from The Changing Earth - Introduction to Geology (2nd ed.), by Mears, Jr., D. Van Nostrand Co., 1977).
  
  
  
  
  Figure 11.29 Mudcracks in Orgill Limestone (Silurian) of Walls Creek Formation (Washington Co., MD).
  
  
  

• Fossils, etc.

  
  
  Figure 11.30 Fossil in N. Ohio.
  
  
  
  
  Figure 11.31 Fossil hash (Ocala Formation near Perry, GA).