Primary Tiering Literature
1980
AUSICH, W. I. and D. J. BOTTJER. 1980. Tiering of soft substrata suspension-feeding communities through the Phanerozoic. Geological Society of Amererica Abstracts with programs, 12: 380.
1982
AUSICH, W. I. and D. J. BOTTJER. 1982. Tiering in suspension feeding communities on soft substrata throughout the Phanerozoic. Science. 216:173-174.
BOTTJER, D. J. and W. I. AUSICH. 1982. Tiering and sampling requirements in paleocommunity reconstruction. Proceedings of the Third North American Paleontological Convention, 1:57-59.
1985
AUSICH, W. I. and D. J. BOTTJER. 1985a. Phanerozoic tiering in suspension feeding communities on soft substrata: implications for diversity. Pp. 225-274. In: Valentine, J.W., ed. Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns: Profiles in Macro-evolution. Princeton Univ. Press and Pacific Div. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci.; Princeton and San Francisco.
AUSICH, W. I. and D. J. BOTTJER. 1985b. Echinoderm role in the history of Phanerozoic tiering in suspension feeding communities. Pp. 3-11. In: Keegan, B., ed. Proceedings of the Fifth international Echinoderm Conference, Galway. Balkema Press; Rotterdam.
BOTTJER, D. J. and W. I. AUSICH. 1985. Comment on “Abundant and diverse early Paleozoic infauna indicated by the stratigraphic record.” Geology, 13:83-85.
1986
BOTTJER, D. J. and W. I. AUSICH. 1986. Phanerozoic development of tiering in soft substrata suspension-feeding communities: Paleobiology, 2:400-420.
1990
AUSICH, W. I. And D. J. BOTTJER. 1990. Infauna and epifauna, In D. E. Briggs, and P. R. Crowther, editors, Palaeobiology: A Synthesis. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p. 41-49.
1991
AUSICH, W. I. And D. J. BOTTJER. 1991. History of tiering among suspension feeders in the Benthic Marine Ecosystem. Journal of Geological Education, 39:313-318.
2001
AUSICH, W. I. And D. J. BOTTJER. 2001. Sessile invertebrates, In D. E. Briggs, and P. R. Crowther, editors, Palaeobiology II. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p. 388-391.
Important Literature by Time Period
PHANEROZOIC
BAMBACH, R. K. 1983. Ecospace utilization and guilds in marine communities through the Phanerozoic. Pp. 719-746. In: Tevesz, M. J. S. and P. L. McCall, eds. Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum; New York.
COX, L. R., N. D. NEWELL, D. W. BOYD, C. C. BRANSON, R. CASEY, A. CHAVEN, A. H. COOGAN, C. DESCHASEAUS, C. A. FLEMING, F. HAAS, L. G. HERTLEIN, E. G. KAUFFMAN, A. M. KEEN, A. LaROCQUE, A. L. McALESTER, R. C. MOORE, C. P. NUTTALL, B. F. PERKINS, H. S. PURI, L. A. SMITH, T. SCOT-RYEN, H. B. STENZEL, E. R. TUREMAN, R. D. TURNER, and J. WEIR, 1969. Bivalvia 1224 pp. In: Moore, R. C., ed. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part N. Mollusca 6. Geological Society of America and Univeristy of Kansas Pres; Boulder and Lawrence.
FREY, R. W., J. D. HOWARD, and W. A. PRYOR. 1978. Ophiomorpha: its morphologic, taxonomic, and environmental significance. Palaeogeography, Paleoclimatology, Palaeoecology 23:199-229.
HANTZSCHEL, W. 1975 Trace Fossils and Problematica (2d. ed.), 269 pp. In: Teichert, C., ed. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part W, Miscellanea, suppl 1. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press; Boulder and Lawrence.
McKERROW, W. S. 1978. The Ecology of Fossils. 384 pp. M. I. T. Press Cambridge, MA.
ROUX, M. 1979. Un example de relation étroite entre la géodynamique des oceans et l’evolution des faunes benthique bathyales et abyssales: l’histoire des Crinoides pedoncules du Mesozoique a l’Actuel. Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 21:613-618.
RUNNEGAR, B. 1974. Evolutionary history of the bivalve subclass Anomalodesmata. Journal of Paleontology, 48:904-939.
SEILACHER, A. 1984. Constructional morphology of bivalves: Evolutionary pathways in primary versus secondary soft-bottom dweller. Paleontology, 27:207-237.
STANLEY, S. M. 1968. Post-Paleozoic adaptive radiation of infaunal bivalve molluscs – a consequence of mantle fusion and siphon formation. Journal of Paleontology, 42:214-229.
STANLEY, S. M. 1972. Functional morphology and evolution of basally attached bivalve mollusks. Journal of Paleontology, 46:165-212.
STANLEY, S. M. 1975. Adaptive trends in the evolution of the Bivalvia (Mollusca). Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science, 3:361-385.
STANLEY, S. M. 1977. Trends, rates, and patterns of evolution in the Bivalvia. Pp. 209-250. In: Hallam,. A. Patterns of Evolution as Illustrated by the Fossil Record. Elsevier; Amsterdam.
THAYER, C. W. 1983. Sediment-mediated biological disturbance and the evolution of marine benthos. Pp. 479-625. In: Tevesz, M. J. S. and P. L. McCall, eds. Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum; New York.
CENOZOIC
BALD, T. 1973. Mollusc fauna of the Hungarian upper Oligocene (Egeria). 511 pp. Akademiai Kiado; Budapest.
BALUK, W. and A. RADWANSKI. 1977. Organic communities and facies development of the Korytnica Basin (Middle Miocene; Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland). Acta Geolgica Polonica, 27:85-123.
CLARK, A. H. 1915-1950. A monograph of the existing crinoids. U.S. National Museum Bulletin, 82, pts. 1-5.
DOCKERY, D. T., III. 1980. The invertebrate macropaleontology of the Clarke county, Mississippi area. Mississippi Bureau of Geology Bulletin, 122. 387 pp.
HOFFMAN, A. 1977. Synecology of macrobenthic assemblages of the Korytnica Clays (Middle Miocene, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland). Acta Geologica Polonica, 27:227-280.
MILLER, W., III. 1982. The paleoecologic history of late Pleistocene estuaries and marine fossil deposits in Dare County, North Carolina. Southeastern Geology, 23:1-14.
STANTON, R. J., and J. R. DODD. 1970. Paleoecologic techniques–comparison of faunal and geochemical analysis of Pliocene paleoenvironments, Kettleman Hills, California. Journal of Paleontolology, 44:1092-1121.
STANTON, R. J. JR. and J. R. DODD. 1976. The application of trophic structure of fossil communities in paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Lethaia, 9:327-342.
STANTON, R. J., JR. and P. C. NELSON. 1980. Reconstruction of the tropic web in paleontology: community structure in the Stone City Formation (Middle Eocene, Texas). Journal of Paleontology, 54:118-135.
STANTON, R. J. JR., J. R. DODD and R. R. ALEXANDER. 1979. Eccentricity in the clypeasteroid echinoid Dendraster: environmental significance and application in Pliocene paleoecology Lethaia, 12:75-87.
STUMP, T. E. 1975. Pleistocene molluscan paleoecology and community structure of the Puerto Libertad region, Sonora, Mexico. Paleogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 17:177-226.
MESOZOIC
AGER, D. V. 1965. The adaptation of Mesozoic brachiopods to different environments. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Paleoecology, 1:143-172.
BOTTJER, D. J. 1981. Structure of Upper Cretaceous chalk benthic communities, southwestern Arkansas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 34:225-256.
BOTTJER, D. J. 1985. Trace fossils and paleoenvironments for two Arkansas Upper Cretaceous discontinuity surfaces. Journal of Paleontology, 59:282-298.
FREY, R. W. and J. D. HOWARD. 1972. Trace fossils from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior: potential criteria for facies models. Mountain Geologist, 19:1-10.
FURSICH, F. T. 1975. Trace fossils as environmental indicators in the Corallian of England and Normandy. Lethaia, 8:151-172.
FURSICH, F. T. 1976. Fauna-substrate relationships in the Corallian and Normandy. Lethaia, 9:343-356.
FURSICH, F. T. 1984. Palaeoecology of boreal invertebrate fossils from the Upper Jurassic of central east Greenland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 48:309-364.
HAGDORN, H. 1985. Immigration of crinoids into the German Muschelkalk Basin. Pp. 237-254. In: Bayer, U. and A. Seilacher, eds. Sedimentary and Evolutionary Cycles. Springer-Verlag; Berlin.
JABLONSKI, D. and D. J. BOTTJER. 1983. Soft-bottom epifaunal suspension-feeding assemblages in the Late Cretaceous implications for the evolution of benthic paleocommunities. Pp. 747-812. In: Tevesz, M. J. S. and P. L. McCall eds. Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum; New York.
KAUFMANN, E. G. 1967. Coloradoan macroinverteb4rates assemblages, central Western Interior, United States. Pp. 67-143. In: Kauffman, E.G. and J. C. Kent, eds. Paleoenvironments of the Cretaceous Seaway—A symposium. Colorado school of Mines; golden.
KAUFFMAN, E. G. 1974. Cretaceous assemblages, communities, and associations: Western Interior United States and Caribbean Islands. Pp. 12.1-12.27. In: Ziegler, A. M., K. R. Walker, E. J. Anderson, E. G. Kaufmann, R. N. Ginsburg, and N. P. James. Principles of benthic community analysis. Univ. Miami Comp, Sed. Lab. Sedimenta IV; Miami, Fl.
LARSON, A. R. and N. G. LANE. 1964. Repetitive bedding in Triassic sediments in Clark County, Nevada. Pp. 265-274. In: Merriam, D. F., ed. Symposium on Cyclic Sedimentation, Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, 166(1).
LAWS, R. A. 1982. Late Triassic depositional environments and molluscan associations for west-central Nevada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 37:131-148.
LINCK, O. 1954. Die Muschelkalk-Seelilie Encrinus liliformis. Naturwess. Monatsshcr. Deutsch. Naturk. “Aus de Heimat,” 62:225-235.
MEYER, D. L. and D. B. MACURDA, JR. 1977. Adaptive radiation of the comatulid crinoids. Paleobiology, 3:74-82.
RHOADS, D. C., I. G. SPEDEN, and K. M. WAAGE. 1972. Trophic group analysis of Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) bivalve assemblages from South Dakota. Amererican Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 56:1100-1113.
SCOTT, R. W. 1970. Paleoecology and palaeontology of the Lower Cretaceous Kiwa Formation, Kansas. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions Article, 52, 94 pp.
SCOTT, R. W. 1974. Bay and shoreface benthic communities in the Lower Cretaceous. Lethaia, 7:315-330.
SCOTT, R. W. 1976. Trophic classification of benthic communities. Pp. 29-66. In: Scott, R. W. and R. R. West, eds. Structure and classification of Paleocommunities. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross; Stroudsburg, Pa.
SURLYK, F. 1972. Morphological adaptations and population structures of the Danish chalk brachiopods (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous). K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Biol. Skr., 19, 57 pp.
TCHOUMATCHENCO, P. 1972. Thanatocoenoses and biotypes of Lower Jurassic brachiopods in central and western Bulgaria. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 12:227-242.
WALLEY, C. D. 1983. The palaeoecology of the Callovian and Oxfordian strata of Majdal Shams (Syria) and its implications for Levantine palaeogeography and tectonics. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 42:323-340.
WETZEL, A. and T, AIGNER. 1986. Stratigraphic completeness: Tiered trace fossils provide a measuring stick. Geology, 14:234-237.
WOBBER, F. J. 1968. A faunal analysis of the Lias (Lower Jurassic) of south Wales (Great Britain). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 5:269-308.
WRIGHT, R. P. 1974. Jurassic bivalves from Wyoming and South Dakota: A study of feeding relationships. Journal of Paleontology, 48:425-433.
PALEOZOIC
ALBERT S. P. 1973. Bergaueria Prantl (Cambrian and Ordovician), a probable actinian trace fossil. Journal of Paleontology, 47:919-924.
ALBERT S. P. 1974. Systematic review of the genus Skolithos. Journal of Paleontology, 48:661-669.
AUSICH, W. I. 1980. A model for niche differentiation in Lower Mississippian crinoid communities. Journal of Paleontology, 54:273-288.
AUSICH, W. I. 1986. Early Silurian rhodcrinitacean crinoids (Brassfield Formation, Ohio). Journal of Paleontology, 60:84-106.
AUSICH, W. I. and D. J. BOTTJER. 1985. Echinoderm role in the history of Phanerozoic tiering in suspension feeding communities. Pp. 3-11. In: Keegan, B. and B. D. S. O’Connor, eds. Echinodermata. A. A. Balkema; Rotterdam.
AUSICH, W. I., T. W. KAMMER, and N. G. LANE. 1979. Fossil communities of the Borden Mississippian delta in Indiana and northern Kentucky, Journal of Paleontology, 53:1182-1196.
BEUS, S. S. 1984. Fossil associations in the High Tor Limestone (Lower Carboniferous) of South Wales. Journal of Paleontology, 58:651-667.
BOCKELIE, J. F. 1984. The Diploporita of the Oslo region, Norway. Palaeontology, 27:1-68.
BOUCOT, A. J. and D. G. PERRY. 1981. Lower Devonian brachiopod dominated communities of the Cordilleran Region. Pp. 185-222. In: Gray, J., A. J. Boucot and W. B. N. Berry, eds. Communities of the Past. Hutchinson Ross; Stroudsburg, Pa.
BRETSKY, P. W., JR. 1970. Upper Ordovician ecology of the central Appalachians. Peabody Museum of Naturnal History Bulletin, 34, 150 pp.
BRETT, C. E. 1987a. Description and paleoecology of a new Lower Silurian camerate crinoid. Journal of Paleontology, 52:91-103.
BRETT, C. E. 1987b. Attachment structures in the rhombiferan cystoid Caryocrinites and their paleobiologic implications. Journal of Paleontology, 52:14-726.
BRETT. C. E. and J. D. ECKERT. 1982. Palaeoecology of a well-preserved crinoid colony from the Silurian Rochester shale in Ontario. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contribution 131, 20 pp.
BROWER, J. C. 1966. Functional morphology of Calceocrinidae with descriptions of some new species. Journal of Paleontology, 47:613-634.
BROWER, J. C. and J. VEINUS. 1978. Middle Ordovician crinoids from the Twin cities area of Minnesota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 74(304):373-506.
BYERS, C. W. and S. GAVLIN. 1979. Two contemporaneous equilibrium communities in the Ordovician of Wisconsin. Lethaia, 12:297-305.
CALEF, C. E. and N. J. HANCOCK. 1974. Wenlock and Ludlow marine communities in the Wales and Welsh borderland. Palaeontology, 17:779-810.
CHAMBERLAIN, C. K. and J. BAER. 1973. Ophiomorpha and new thallassinid burrow from the Permian of Utah. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 20:79-94.
CONDRA, G. E. and M. K. ELIAS. 1944. Study and revision of Archimedes (Hall). Geological Society of America Special Paper, 53, 243 pp.
CONWAY, MORRIS, S. 1979. The Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian) fauna. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics, 10:327-349.
CRIMES, P. T. and M. M. ANDERSON. 1985. Trace fossils from Late Precambrian-Early Cambrian strata of southeastern Newfoundland (Canada): Temporal and environmental implications. Journal of Paleontology, 59:310-343.
CUFFEY, R. J. and F. K. McKINNEY. 1979. Devonian Bryozoa. Pp. 307-311. In: House, M. R., C. T. Scrutton, and M. G. Bassett, eds. The Devonian System. Special Papers in Palaeontology 23.
ECKERT, J. D. 1984. Early Llandovery crinoids and stelleroids from the Cataract Group (Lower Silurian) in southern Ontario, Canada. Royal Ontarion Museum Life Sciences Contribution, 137:1-82.
ELIAS, M. K. and G. E. CONDRA. 1957. Fenestella from the Permian of west Texas. Geological Society of America Memoir, 70, 158 pp.
ETTENSOHN, F. R. 1975. The autecology of Agassizocrinus lobatus. Journal of Paleontology, 49:1044-1061.
ETTENSOHN, F. R. 1984. Unattached Paleozoic stemless crinoids as environmental indices. Geobios, Memoir Special, 8:63-68.
FELDMAN, H. R. 1980. Level-bottom brachiopod communities in the Middle Devonian of New York. Lethaia, 13:27-46.
FREST, T. J. and H. L. STRIMPLE. 1978. Manicrinus (nov.), a cladid evolutionary homeomorph of the bottom-dwelling Hybocrinus, Brownsport (Silurian: Ludlow) of Tennessee. Southeastern Geology, 19:157-175.
HATTIN, D. E. 1857. Depositional environments of the Wreford Megacyclothem (Lower Permian) of Kansas. Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, 124, 150 pp.
JOHNSON, R. G. 1962. Interspecific associations in Pennsylvanian fossil assemblages. Journal of Geology, 70:32-55.
LANE, N. G. 1963. The Berkeley crinoid collection from Crawfordsville, Indiana. Journal of Paleontology, 37:1001-1008.
LANE, N. G. 1973. Paleontology and paleoecology of the Crawfordsville fossil site (Upper Osagian: Indiana). University of California Publications in the Geological Sciences, 99, 141 pp.
LARSON, D. W. and D. C. RHOADS. 1983. The evolution of infaunal communities and sedimentary fabrics. Pp. 627-648. In: Tevesz, M. J. S. and P. L. McCall, eds. Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum; New York.
LEWIS, R. D. 1981. Archaeotaxocrinus, new genus, the earliest known flexible crinoid (Whiterockian) and its phylogenetic implications. Journal of Paleontology, 55:227-238.
LOCHMAN, C. and C. H. HU. 1962, Upper Cambrian faunas from the northwest Wind river Mountains, Wyoming, part III. Journal of Paleontology, 36:1-29.
McKINNEY, F. K. and H. W. GAULT. 1980. Paleoenvironment of Late Mississippian fenestrate bryozoans, eastern United States. Lethaia, 13:127-146.
MILLENDORF, S. A. 1979. The functional morphology and life habits of the Devonian blastoid Eleutherocrinus cassedayi Shumard & Yandell. Journal of Paleontology, 53:553-561.
MOORE, R. C., ed. 1968. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Echinodermata 1, Part S. 650 pp. Geol. Soc. Amer. and Univ. Kansas Press; Lawrence, Kansas.
PALMER, A. R. 1974. Search for the Cambrian world. American Scientist, 62:216-225.
PARSELY, R. L. 1980. Paracrinodea. Pp. 139-143. In: Braodhead, T. W. and J. A. Waters, eds. Echinodermata, Notes for a Short Course. University of Tennessee Deptartment of Geological Sciences, Studies in Geology, 3.
PAUL, C. R. C. 1973. British Ordovician cycstoids. Paleographical. Society Monograph, 127, pt. 1, 64 pp.
POJETA, J., JR. 1978. The origin and early taxonomic diversification of pelecypods. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 284B:225-246.
ROBINSON, R. A. 1964. Late Middle Cambrian faunas from western Utah. Journal of Paleontology, 38:510-566.
SEPKOSKI, J. J., JR. 1982. Flat-pebble conglomerates, storm deposits, and the Cambrian bottom fauna. Pp. 371-385. IN: Eisele, G. and A. Seilacher, eds. Cyclic and Event Stratification. Springer-Verlag; Berlin.
SPRINGER, F. 1920. The Crinoidea Flexibilia. Smithsonian Institution Publication, 2501, 486 pp.
SPRINGER, F. 1926. American Silurian crinoids. Smithsonian Institution Publication, 2871, 143 pp.
SPRINKLE, J. 1973. Morphology and evolution of the blastozoan echinoderms. Museum of Comparative Zoology Special Paper Cambridge, Mass., 284 pp.
SPRINKLE, J. 1976. Biostratigraphy and paleoecology of Cambrian echinoderms from the rocky Mountains. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 23:61-73.
SPRINKLE, J., ed. 1982. Echinoderm faunas from the Bromide Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Oklahoma. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions Monograph, 1, 369 pp.
SPRINKLE, J. and R. C. GUTHSCHICK. 1967. Costatoblastus, a channel fill blastoid from the Sappington Formation of Montana. Journal of Paleontology, 41:385-402.
STRATTON, J. F. and A. S. HOROWITZ. 1977. Polypora M’Coy from the Devonian of southeastern Indiana. Indiana Geological Survey, 56, 47 pp.
STRIMPLE, H. L. 1977. Unusual morphological features in the blastoid genus Pentremites. Geological Magazine, 114:9-13.
STRIMPLE, H. L. and R. C. MOORE. 1971. Crinoids of the LaSalle Limestone (Pennsylvanian) of Illinois. University of Kansas Paleontological Contribution Article, 55, 48 pp.
TITUS, R. and B. CAMERON. 1976.Fossil communities of the Lower Trenton Group (Middle Ordovician) of central and northwestern New York State. Journal of Paleontology, 50:1209-1225.
WACHSMUTH, C. and F. SPRINGER. 1897. The North American Crinoidea Camerata. Harvard Colllege Museum of Comparative Anatomy Memoir, 897 pp.
WALKER, K. R. 1972. Community ecology of the middle Ordovician Black River Group of New York State. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83:2499-2524.
WALLACE, P. 1969. Specific frequency and environmental indicators in two horizons of the Calcaire de Ferques (Upper Devonian), northern France. Palaeontology. 12:366-381.
WATKINS, R. and J. M. HURST. 1977. Community relations of Silurian crinoids at Dudley England. Paleobiology, 3:207-217.
WILLIAMS, H. S. 1913. Recurrent Tropidoleptus zones of the Upper Devonian in New York. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 79, 103 pp.
ZIEGLER, A. M., L. R. M. COCKS, and R. K. BAMBACH. 1968. The composition and structure of Lower Silurian marine communities. Lethaia, 1:1-27.
Full Literature Listing
ALEXANDER, R. R. 1977. Generic longevity of articulate brachiopods in relation to the mode of stabilization on the substrate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 21:209-226.
ALLER, R.C. and R. E. DODGE. 1974. Animal-sediment relations
in a tropical lagoon, Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Journal of Marine Research, 32: 209-232.
ANSTEY, R. L. 1986. Bryozoan provinces and patterns of generic evolution and extinction in the Late Ordovician of North America. Lethaia, 19:33-51.
AUSICH, W. I. 1980. A model for niche differentiation in Lower
Mississippian crinoid communities. Journal of Paleontology, 54:273-288.
AUSICH, W. I. 1983. Component concept for the study of paleo-communities with an example from the Early Carboniferous of southern Indiana (U.S.A.). Paleogeography, Palaeoclimatalogy, Palaeoecology, 44:251-282.
AUSICH, W. I. and D. J. BOTTJER. 1980. Tiering of soft substrata suspension-feeding communities through the Phanerozoic. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 12: 380.
AUSICH, W. I. and D. J. BOTTJER. 1982. Tiering in suspension feeding communities on soft substrata throughout the Phanerozoic. Science, 216:173-174.
AUSICH, W. I. and D. J. BOTTJER. 1985a. Phanerozoic tiering in suspension feeding communities on soft substrata: implications for diversity. Pp. 225-274. In: Valentine, J.W., ed. Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns: Profiles in Macro-evolution. Princeton Univ. Press and Pacific Div. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci.; Princeton and San Francisco.
AUSICH, W. I. and D. J. BOTTJER. 1985b. Echinoderm role in the history of Phaneerozoic tiering in suspension feeding communities. Pp. 3-11. In: Keegan, B., ed. Proceedings of the Fifth international Echinoderm Conference, Galway. Balkema Press; Rotterdam.
AUSICH, W. I. And D. J. BOTTJER. 1990. Infauna and epifauna, In D. E. Briggs, and P. R. Crowther, editors, Palaeobiology: A Synthesis. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p. 41-49.
AUSICH, W. I. And D. J. BOTTJER. 2000. Sessile invertebrates, In D. E. Briggs, and P. R. Crowther, editors, Palaeobiology II. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p. 388-391.
BAMBACH, R. K. 1977. Species richness in marine benthic habitats through the Phanerozoic. Paleobiology, 3:152-167.
BAMBACH, R. K. 1983. Ecospace utilization and guilds in marine communities through the Phanerozoic. Pp. 719-746. In: Tevesz, M.. J. S. and P. L. McCall, eds. Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum; New York.
BOARDMAN, R. S., A. H. CHEETHAM, and A. J. ROWELL. 1987. Fossil invertebrates: Palo Alto, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 713 p.
BOCKELIE, J. F. 1979. Celticystis n. gen., a gomphocystitid cystoid from the Silurian of Sweden. Geol. Foren. Stockholm Forhand., 101:157-166.
BOKUNIEWICZ, H. J., R. B. GORDON, and D.C. RHOADS. 1975. Mechanical properties of the sediment-water interface. Marine Geology, 18:263-278.
BOTTJER, D. J. 1985. Trace fossils and paleoenvironments of two Arkansas Upper Cretaceous discontinuity surfaces. Journal of Paleontology, 59:282-298.
BOTTJER, D. J. and W. I. AUSICH. 1982. Tiering and sampling requirements in paleocommunity reconstruction. Proceedings of the Third North American Paleontological Convention, 1:57-59.
BOTTJER, D. J. and W. I. AUSICH. 1985. Comment on “Abundant and diverse early Paleozoic infauna indicated by the stratigraphic record.” Geology, 13:83-85.
BOTTJER, D. J. and W. I. AUSICH. 1986. Phanerozoic development of tiering in soft substrata suspension-feeding communities:
Paleobiology, 12: 400-420.
BOTTJER, D. J., P. M. SHEEHAN, M. F. MILLER, C. W. BYERS, and D. O. HICKS. 1984. Thalassinoides in the Paleozoic. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 16:451.
BOTTJER, D. J., and D. JABLONSKI. 1986. Onshore-offshore trends in the evolution of benthic macroinvertebrates: role of mass extinction. Foruth North American Paleontological Convention Abstracts, A5.
BOTTJER, D. J., and D. JABLONSKI. 1988. Paleoenvironmental patterns in the evolution of post-Paleozoic benthic marine invertebrates: Palaios, 3:54-560.
BRASIER, M. D. 1975. An outline history of seagrass communities. Palaeontology, 18:681-702.
BREIMER, A. and D. B. MACURDA, JR. 1972. The phylogeny of the fissiculate blastoids. K. Ned. Akad. Van Wet., Verh., Afd. Nat., Eerste Reeks, 26(3), 390 p.
BRETT, C. E. 1978. Description and paleoecology of a new Lower Silurian camerate crinoid. Journal of Paleontology, 52:91-103.
BRETT, C. E. 1978. Attachment structures in the rhombiferan cystoid Caryocrinites and their paleobiologic implications. Journal of Paleontology, 52:714-726.
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1980
AUSICH, W. I. and D. J. BOTTJER. 1980. Tiering of soft substrata suspension-feeding communities through the Phanerozoic. Geological Society of Amererica Abstracts with programs, 12: 380.
1982
AUSICH, W. I. and D. J. BOTTJER. 1982. Tiering in suspension feeding communities on soft substrata throughout the Phanerozoic. Science. 216:173-174.
BOTTJER, D. J. and W. I. AUSICH. 1982. Tiering and sampling requirements in paleocommunity reconstruction. Proceedings of the Third North American Paleontological Convention, 1:57-59.
1985
AUSICH, W. I. and D. J. BOTTJER. 1985a. Phanerozoic tiering in suspension feeding communities on soft substrata: implications for diversity. Pp. 225-274. In: Valentine, J.W., ed. Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns: Profiles in Macro-evolution. Princeton Univ. Press and Pacific Div. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci.; Princeton and San Francisco.
AUSICH, W. I. and D. J. BOTTJER. 1985b. Echinoderm role in the history of Phanerozoic tiering in suspension feeding communities. Pp. 3-11. In: Keegan, B., ed. Proceedings of the Fifth international Echinoderm Conference, Galway. Balkema Press; Rotterdam.
BOTTJER, D. J. and W. I. AUSICH. 1985. Comment on “Abundant and diverse early Paleozoic infauna indicated by the stratigraphic record.” Geology, 13:83-85.
1986
BOTTJER, D. J. and W. I. AUSICH. 1986. Phanerozoic development of tiering in soft substrata suspension-feeding communities: Paleobiology, 2:400-420.
1990
AUSICH, W. I. And D. J. BOTTJER. 1990. Infauna and epifauna, In D. E. Briggs, and P. R. Crowther, editors, Palaeobiology: A Synthesis. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p. 41-49.
1991
AUSICH, W. I. And D. J. BOTTJER. 1991. History of tiering among suspension feeders in the Benthic Marine Ecosystem. Journal of Geological Education, 39:313-318.
2001
AUSICH, W. I. And D. J. BOTTJER. 2001. Sessile invertebrates, In D. E. Briggs, and P. R. Crowther, editors, Palaeobiology II. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p. 388-391.
Important Literature by Time Period
PHANEROZOIC
BAMBACH, R. K. 1983. Ecospace utilization and guilds in marine communities through the Phanerozoic. Pp. 719-746. In: Tevesz, M. J. S. and P. L. McCall, eds. Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum; New York.
COX, L. R., N. D. NEWELL, D. W. BOYD, C. C. BRANSON, R. CASEY, A. CHAVEN, A. H. COOGAN, C. DESCHASEAUS, C. A. FLEMING, F. HAAS, L. G. HERTLEIN, E. G. KAUFFMAN, A. M. KEEN, A. LaROCQUE, A. L. McALESTER, R. C. MOORE, C. P. NUTTALL, B. F. PERKINS, H. S. PURI, L. A. SMITH, T. SCOT-RYEN, H. B. STENZEL, E. R. TUREMAN, R. D. TURNER, and J. WEIR, 1969. Bivalvia 1224 pp. In: Moore, R. C., ed. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part N. Mollusca 6. Geological Society of America and Univeristy of Kansas Pres; Boulder and Lawrence.
FREY, R. W., J. D. HOWARD, and W. A. PRYOR. 1978. Ophiomorpha: its morphologic, taxonomic, and environmental significance. Palaeogeography, Paleoclimatology, Palaeoecology 23:199-229.
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